Abstract
The Omicron variant of COVID-19, a genetic mutation of the Delta variant, is marked by higher infection rates and linked to increased air pollution. This study investigates CO, NO2, SO2, O3, PM2.5, and PM10 air quality variations in Surabaya from November 27, 2021, to May 7, 2022, during the Omicron outbreak. Methods used include Hotspot Clustering, Mean Center (MC), Directional Distribution (Standard Deviational Ellipse), and Spatial Autocorrelation (Global Moran’s I). CO, NO2, SO2, O3, PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations were determined using the Sentinel-5P satellite with Google Earth Engine. The Omicron variant’s Weighted Mean Center (WMC) was found at coordinates 696250.219731 and 9192998.5921 m in Semolowaru village. A decrease in pollutants was observed during the peak infestation from January 29, 2022, to February 26, 2022, with reductions of 11.381 μmol/m2 and -23.195 μmol/m2, indicating low mobility in residential and workplace categories. Average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations during the study were 0.084 g/m3 and 0.043 g/m3, respectively. The correlation between COVID-19 spread and pollutant concentrations showed a moderate to weak relationship, with an R2 value of ≤ 0.5.
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Authors Affiliations
Mokhamad Nur Cahyadi* (1), Hepi Hapsari Handayani (1), Idaa Warmadewanthi (1), Soni Sunarso Sulistiawan (2), Christrijogo Sumartono W. (3) , Agus Budi Raharjo (1), Shilvy Choiriyatun Navisa (1), Nurya Ramadhania (1), Lachezar Filchev (4) , Maria Dimitrovag (4) , Plamen Trenchev (4), Deyan Gochev (4), Georgi Jelev (4) , Anjang Ahmad (5) , Endarko (1), Agung Purniawan (1)
(1) Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia
(2) Faculty Of Medicine Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Indonesia
(3) Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Indonesia
(4) Bulgarian Academy of Science (SRTI-BAS), Bulgaria
(5) Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Malaysia
* Corresponding author
Email: cahyadi@geodesy.its.ac.id
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