Secondary school leaders’ lack of knowledge of abuse in adolescent intimate partner relationships in Northern Ireland, a post-conflict region

Adhia, A., Kernic, M. A., Hemenway, D., Vavilala, M. S., & Rivara, F. P. (2019). Intimate partner homicide of adolescents. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(6), 571-577.
Aghtaie, N., Larkins, C., Barter, C., Stanley, N., Wood, M., & Øverlien, C. (2018). Interpersonal violence and abuse in young people’s relationships in five European countries: online and offline normalisation of heteronormativity. Journal of Gender Based Violence, 2(2), 293–310.
Agnew, E. (2021). Sexting among young people: Towards a gender sensitive approach. The International Journal of Children’s Rights, 29(1), 3-30.
Almanssori, S., (2022). Sexual violence prevention is missing in teacher education: Perspectives of teacher candidates on prevention education. Sex Education 23(6), 662-676.
Ashe, F. (2012). Gendering war and peace: Militarized masculinities in Northern Ireland. Men and Masculinities, 15(3), 230-248.
Barter, C. (2009). In the name of love; Exploitation and violence in teenage dating relationships. British Journal of Social Work, 39(2), 211-232.
Barter, C., & Stanley, N. (2016). Inter-personal violence and abuse in adolescent intimate relationships: Mental health impact and implications for practice. International Review of Psychiatry, 28(5), 485–503.
Barter, C., Stanley, N., Wood, M., Lanau, A., Aghtaie, N., Larkins, C., & Øverlien, C. (2017). Young people’s online and face-to-face experiences of interpersonal violence and abuse and their subjective impact across five European countries. Psychology of Violence, 7(3), 375.
Beckett, H. & Schubotz, D. (2014) Young people’s self-reported experiences of sexual exploitation and sexual violence: A view from Northern Ireland. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(4), 430–445.
Brar, P., Shramko, M., Taylor, S., & Eisenberg, M. (2023). The moderating influence of school adult connectedness on adolescent dating violence and mental health. Journal of School Health, 93(4), 297-304.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic Analysis a Practical Guide. London: Sage.
Brickell, K. & Cuomo, D. (2020). Geographies of violence: Feminist geopolitical approaches. In A. Datta, P.Hopkins, L. Johnson, E. Olson, and J.M. Silva (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Gender and Feminist Geographies (pp. 297-307). London: Routledge.
Brodeur, G., Fernet, M., & Hébert, M. (2023). Training needs in dating violence prevention among school staff in Québec, Canada. Frontiers in Education, 8, 1-14.
Brown, L. J., Lowe, H., Gibbs, A., Smith, C., & Mannell, J. (2023). High-risk contexts for violence against women: Using latent class analysis to understand structural and contextual drivers of intimate partner violence at the national level. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(1-2).
Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Campbell, B. (2021). An assessment of religious segregation in Northern Ireland’s schools. Stockholm Research Reports in Demography. Preprint.
Bunting, B. P., Murphy, S. D., O’Neill, S. M., & Ferry, F. R. (2012). Lifetime prevalence of mental health disorders and delay in treatment following initial onset: Evidence from the Northern Ireland Study of Health and Stress. Psychological Medicine, 42(8), 1727-1739.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Preventing teen dating violence. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention.
Collins, W. A. (2003). More than myth: The developmental significance of romantic relationships during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13, 1–24.
Connolly, P., Sibbett, C., Hanratty, J., Kerr, K., O’Hare, L., & Winter, K. (2011). Pupils’ Emotional Health and Wellbeing: A review of audit tools and a survey of practice in Northern Ireland post-primary schools. Belfast: Centre for Effective Education.
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241-1299.
Council of Europe. (2011). Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Vol. CETS no.210). Council of Europe. Istanbul.
Coulter, C., Gilmartin, N., Hayward, K., & Shirlow, P. (2021). Northern Ireland a generation after Good Friday: Lost futures and new horizons in the ‘long peace’. In Northern Ireland a generation after Good Friday. Manchester University Press.
Dadvand, B., & Cahill, H. (2021). Structures for care and silenced topics: accomplishing gender-based violence prevention education in a primary school. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 29(2), 299-313.
Dardis, C. M., Dixon, K. J., Edwards, K. M., & Turchik, J. A. (2015). An examination of the factors related to dating violence perpetration among young men and women and associated theoretical explanations: A review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 16(2), 136-152.
Davies, C. T. (2023). Understanding Abuse in Young People’s Intimate Relationships: Female Perspectives on Power, Control and Gendered Social Norms. Bristol: Policy Press.
De La Rue, L., Polanin, J. R., Espelage, D. L., & Pigott, T. D. (2017). A meta-analysis of school-based interventions aimed to prevent or reduce violence in teen dating relationships. Review of Educational Research, 87(1), 7-34.
Department of Education (DE). (2016). School enrolments – school level data 2015/16. Retrieved from https://www.educationni.gov.uk/publications/school-enrolments-schoollevel-data-201516
Department of Education – N.I. (2015). Relationship and Sexuality Education (RSE) guidance. Northern Ireland Department of Education. Retrieved from https://www.education-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/de/2015%2022%20-%20Amended.pdf
Debnam, K. J., & Mauer, V. (2021). Who, when, how, and why bystanders intervene in physical and psychological teen dating violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(1), 54-67.
Doyle, J. L., & McWilliams, M. (2020). What difference does peace make? Intimate partner violence and violent conflict in Northern Ireland. Violence against Women, 26(2), 139-163.
Edwards, K. M., Rodenhizer-Stämpfli, K. A., & Eckstein, R. P. (2015). Bystander action in situations of dating and sexual aggression: A mixed methodological study of high school youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 2321–2336.
Eisner M. (2021). The gender symmetry problem in physical teen dating violence: A commentary and suggestions for a research agenda. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 178, 157–168.
ETI (2023). The Preventative Curriculum. Department of Education & The Education and Training Inspectorate.
Exner-Cortens D, Eckenrode J, & Rothman E. (2013) Longitudinal associations between teen dating violence victimization and adverse health outcomes. Paediatrics, 131(1), 71-78.
Exner-Cortens, D., Gill, L., & Eckenrode, J. (2016). Measurement of adolescent dating violence: A comprehensive review (Part 1, behaviors). Aggression and Violent Behavior, 27, 64–78.
Galligan, Y. (2006). Women in Northern Ireland’s Politics: Feminising an ‘armed patriarchy’. In Representing Women in Parliament (pp. 226-242). London: Routledge.
Gattamorta, K. A., Salerno, J. P., & Castro, A. J. (2019). Intersectionality and health behaviors among US high school students: examining race/ethnicity, sexual identity, and sex. Journal of School Health, 89(10), 800-808.
Gonzalez Avilés, T., Finn, C., & Neyer, F. J. (2021). Patterns of romantic relationship experiences and psychosocial adjustment from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(3), 550–562.
Harris, B., & Woodlock, D. (2022). Spaceless violence: Women’s experiences of technology-facilitated domestic violence in regional, rural and remote areas. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 644, 1-14.
Herat, J., Plesons, M., Castle, C., Babb, J., & Chandra-Mouli, V. (2018). The revised international technical guidance on sexuality education-a powerful tool at an important crossroads for sexuality education. Reproductive Health, 15 (185), 1-4.
Home Office. (2013). Domestic violence and abuse. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/guidance/domesticviolence-and-abuse
Houses of Parliament – UK. (2018). Relationships and sex education, POSTNOTES, 576. Retrieved from https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/POST-PN-0576/POST-PN-0576.pdf
Hoewer, M. (2013). Women, violence, and social change in Northern Ireland and Chiapas: Societies between tradition and transition. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 7(2), 216-231.
Jackson, S. M., Cram, F., & Seymour, F. W. (2000). Violence and sexual coercion in high school students’ dating relationships. Journal of Family Violence, 15(1), 23-36.
Kelly, J. T., Colantuoni, E., Robinson, C., & Decker, M. R. (2018). From the battlefield to the bedroom: a multilevel analysis of the links between political conflict and intimate partner violence in Liberia. BMJ Global Health, 3(2),1-11.
Khubchandani, J., Clark, J., Wiblishauser, M., Thompson, A., Whaley, C., Clark, R., & Davis, J. (2017). Preventing and responding to teen dating violence: A national study of school principals’ perspectives and practices. Violence and Gender, 4(4), 144-151.
Khubchandani, J., Price, J. H., Thompson, A., Dake, J. A., Wiblishauser, M., & Telljohann, S. K. (2012). Adolescent dating violence: A national assessment of school counselors’ perceptions and practices. Pediatrics, 130(2), 202-210.
Klencakova, L. E., Pentaraki, M., & McManus, C. (2021). The impact of intimate partner violence on young women’s educational well-being: A systematic review of literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(2), 1172-1187.
Lagerlöf, H., & Øverlien, C. (2022). School as a context for youth intimate partner violence: Young voices on educational sabotage. Nordic Journal of Social Research, 13(2), 1-15.
Leen, E., Sorbring, E., Mawer, M., Holdsworth, E., Helsing, B., & Bowen, E. (2013). Prevalence, dynamic risk factors and the efficacy of primary interventions for adolescent dating violence: An international review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(1), 159-174.
MacGregor, K. E., Villalta, L., Clarke, V., Viner, R., Kramer, T., & Khadr, S. N. (2019). A systematic review of short and medium-term mental health outcomes in young people following sexual assault. Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 31(3), 161–181.
Mannell, J., Lowe, H., Brown, L., Mukerji, R., Devakumar, D., Gram, L., Jansen, H.A.F.M., Minckas, N., Osrin, D., Prost, A., Shannon, G., & Vyas, S. (2022). Risk factors for violence against women in high-prevalence settings: A mixed-methods systematic review and meta-synthesis. BMJ Global Health, 7(3) 1-14, e007704.
Maguire, S. (2020). Young people’s attitudes towards domestic violence and the role of schools in prevention. Ph.D. thesis, Queen’s University Belfast.
Maguire, S., & Pentaraki, M. (2023). Barriers to domestic violence education in Northern Ireland: Pupils’ views and experiences. British Educational Research, 49(3), 593-612.
Marquart, B., Nannini, D. K., Edwards, R. W., Stanley, L. R., & Wayman, J. C. (2007). Prevalence of dating violence and victimization: Regional and gender differences. Adolescence, 42, 645–657.
McKee, E.B and Mason, S. (2015). Domestic violence and abuse prevention programmes in the early year’s classroom; a pastoral, academic and financial priority? Pastoral Care in Education. An International Journal of Personal, Social and Emotional Development, 33(4), 205-213.
Molidor, C., & Tolman, R. M. (1998). Gender and contextual factors in adolescent dating violence. Violence against Women, 4(2), 180-194.
Nahapetyan, L., Orpinas, P., Song, X., & Holland, K. (2014). Longitudinal association of suicidal ideation and physical dating violence among high school students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 629-640.
Ní Aoláin, F., Haynes, D., & Cahn, N. (2010). On the frontlines: Gender, war and the post- conflict process. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
NI Department of Education (2015). Relationships and sexuality education (RSE) guidance. Northern Ireland Department of Education.
NISRA (2022) Census: Main statistics for Northern Ireland Statistical bulletin, Religion. Retrieved June 2, 2023, from https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-religion.pdf
Orr, N., Chollet, A., Rizzo, A. J., Shaw, N., Farmer, C., Young, H., Rigby, E., Berry, V., Bonell, C. & Melendez-Torres, G. J. (2022). School‐based interventions for preventing dating and relationship violence and gender‐based violence: A systematic review and synthesis of theories of change. Review of Education, 10(3), e3382.
Ozaki, R., Otis, M.D. (2017). Gender equality patriarchal cultural norms, and perpetration of intimate partner violence: Comparison of male university students in Asian and European cultural contexts. Violence Against Women, 23(9), 1076–1099.
Pain, R. (2014). Everyday terrorism: Connecting domestic violence and global terrorism. Progress in Human Geography, 38(4), 531-550.
Pedersen, S., Mueller-Hirth, N., & Miller, L. (2023). Supporting victims of domestic violence at a distance during COVID-19: The impact of the pandemic on service providers in remote, rural and island communities in North-East Scotland and Orkney. Island Studies Journal, 18(2), article 423.
Pentaraki, M. (2002). Η αθέατη πλευρά των συντροφικών σχέσεων των εφήβων κοριτσιών με το αλλο φυλο. Κακοποίηση, η έκταση της και μέτρα πρόληψης. Πτώση των Φυλ(λ)ων. Κειμενα, Προτασεις για το Σεξισμό και τη Βία, εκδ. Γκοβα, σελιδες, 107-122.
Pentaraki, M. (2017). Fear of double disclosure and other barriers to the help seeking behaviour of LGBT youth in Northern Ireland. In S. Holt, C. Øverlien, J. Devaney (Eds), Responding to domestic violence: Emerging challenges for policy, practice and research in Europe (pp. 135-151). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Pentaraki, M. (2019). Practising social work in a context of austerity: Experiences of public sector social workers in Greece. European Journal of Social Work, 22(3), 376-387.
PSNI. (2022). Domestic abuse incidents and crimes recorded by the police in Northern Ireland. Update to 30th June 2022. Retrieved from https://www.psni.police.uk/globalassets/inside-the-psni/our-statistics/domestic-abuse-statistics/2022-23/q1/domestic-abuse-bulletin-jun_-22.pdf
Renold, E.& McGeeney, E. (2017). Informing the future sex and relationships education curriculum in Wales. Cardiff University. ISBN 978-1-908469-12-0.
Rizzo, A. J., Orr, N., Shaw, N., Farmer, C., Chollet, A., Young, H., Berry, V., Rigby, M., Hagell, A., Bonell, C., & Melendez-Torres, G. J. (2022). Exploring the activities and target audiences of school-based violence prevention programs: systematic review and intervention component analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(5) 3593-3614.
Rolston, B., Schubotz, D., & Simpson, A. (2004). The first time: Young people and sex in Northern Ireland. Journal of Youth Studies, 7(2), 191-207.
Sexual Health Information (2010) Sexual behaviour and young people. FPA NI-Public Health Agency. Retrieved from https://www.publichealth.hscni.net/sites/default/files/Sexual%20behaviour%20and%20young%20people%20factsheet.pdf
Schubotz, D. (2012). Messed up? Sexual lifestyles of 16-year-olds in Northern Ireland. Access Research Knowledge.
Silverman, J. G., Raj, A., and Hathaway, J.E. (2001). Dating violence against adolescent girls and associated substance use, unhealthy weight control, sexual risk behaviour, pregnancy, and suicidality. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(5), 572-579.
Smith, P. H., White, J. W., & Moracco, K. E. (2009). Becoming who we are: A theoretical explanation of gendered social structures and social networks that shape adolescent interpersonal aggression. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33(1), 25-29.
Spencer, C. M., Toews, M. L., Anders, K. M., & Emanuels, S. K. (2021). Risk markers for physical teen dating violence perpetration: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 22(3), 619–631.
Spencer, G. A., & Bryant, S. A. (2000). Dating violence: A comparison of rural, suburban, and urban teens. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27(5), 302-305.
Stanley N., Ellis J., Farrelly N., Hollinghurst S and Downe., S. (2015). Preventing domestic abuse for children and young people: A review of school-based interventions. Child Youth Services Review 59, 120-131.
Stonard, K., Bowen, E., Lawrence, T., & Price, S.A. (2014). The relevance of technology to the nature, prevalence and impact of adolescent dating violence and abuse: A research synthesis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, 390–417.
Storer, H. L., Casey, E. A., & Herrenkohl, T. I. (2017). Developing “whole school” bystander interventions: The role of school-settings in influencing adolescents’ responses to dating violence and bullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 74, 87-95.
Swaine, A. (2023). Resurfacing gender: a typology of conflict-related violence against women for the Northern Ireland Troubles. Violence against Women, 29(6-7), 1391-1418.
Taquette, S. R., & Monteiro, D. L. M. (2019). Causes and consequences of adolescent dating violence: A systematic review. Journal of Injury & Violence Research, 11(2), 137–147.
Tenny, S., Brannan, J. M., & Brannan, G. D. (2022). Qualitative Study. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. TEO (The Executive Office) (2023). Ending Violence Against Women and Girls Strategic Framework. Belfast: TEO.TEO (The Executive Office) (2022). Ending violence against women and girls. Experiences and attitudes of 16-year-olds in Northern Ireland. Belfast: TEO.
Tomaszewska, P., & Schuster, I. (2021). Prevalence of teen dating violence in Europe: A systematic review of studies since 2010. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 178, 11–37.
Tomlinson, M. (2007). Suicide and young people: The case of Northern Ireland. Child Care in Practice, 13(4), 435-443.
UN (United Nations). (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development a/res/70/1. Retrieved from https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/pub lications/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf
UNICEF. (2021) Gender Transformative Education: Reimagining Education for a More Just and Inclusive World. UNICEF. Retrieved, from https://www.unicef.org/media/113166/file/Gender%20Transformative%20Education.pdf
Valentine, G. (2007). Theorizing and researching intersectionality: A challenge for feminist geography. The Professional Geographer, 59(1), 10-21.
West, B. A., Swahn, M. H., & McCarty, F. (2010). Children at risk for suicide attempt and attempt-related injuries: findings from the 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 11(3), 257.
White, J. W. (2009). A gendered approach to adolescent dating violence: Conceptual and methodological issues. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33(1), 1-15.
Wilkinson, D. C. (2023). Gender and sexuality politics in post-conflict Northern Ireland: Policing patriarchy and heteronormativity through relationships and sexuality education. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 20, 18–31.
Williams, L. R., & Rueda, H. A. (2018). Teenage dating violence: Perceptions of need, priority, and prevention responsibility among schools in predominantly Mexican Heritage Communities. Children & Schools, 40(3), 135-144.
Wincentak, K., Connolly, J., Card, N. and Hamby, S. (2017). Teen Dating Violence: A meta-analytic review of prevalence rates. Psychology of Violence, 7(2), 224–241.
World Health Organisation (WHO). (2019). School-based violence prevention: a practical handbook. World Health Organization.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2010). Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: taking action and generating evidence. World Health Organisation and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
York, L., MacKenzie, A., & Purdy, N. (2021). Sexting and institutional discourses of child protection: The views of young people and providers of relationship and sex education. British Educational Research Journal, 47(6), 1717-1734.