Smart City development in “Nusantara”, the new capital of Indonesia: local government and community readiness

Rini Rachmawati (1)*, Amandita Ainur Rohmah (1), Hilary Reinhart (1),
Rizki Adriadi Ghiffari (1), Dana Indra Sensuse (2), Wikan Danar Sunindyo (3)

(1) Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
(2) Faculty of Computer Science, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
(3) School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia
* Corresponding author
Email: rinirachma@ugm.ac.id

bin Abd Manan, A.M. and Suprayitno, H. (2020), “Preliminary Overview of Several Capital Relocations in Relationship with a Plan of Indonesian Capital Relocation”, Journal of Infrastructure & Facility Asset Management, vol. 2, no. 1.
Aggarwal, L., Chahal, D. and Kharb, L. (2021), “Sustainable Smart Society Framework Using ICT”, in Luhach, A.K., Jat, D.S., Bin Ghazali, K.H., Gao, X.Z. and Lingras, P. (eds) Advanced Informatics for Computing Research. ICAICR 2020. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1393, Springer, Singapore.
Albino, V., Berardi, U. and Dangelico, R.M. (2015), “Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives”, Journal of Urban Technology, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 3–21.
Ali, M.A. (2022), “Smart city policy in developing countries: Case study of the new administrative capital in Egypt”, Journal of Public Affairs, vol. 22, no. S1.
Amalia, F., Hanum, M., Drastiani, R. and Tondi, M.L. (2020), “The Study of the Smart City Concept Development, Based on Public Open Space Elements (case study: Kambang Iwak and Opi Jakabaring Lake)”, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 520, no. 1, p. 012015.
Antoschin, R. and Wimmer, M.A, (2021), “Smart Cities: Practitioners’ Understanding and Expectations”, 14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, p. 406–413.
Aryblia, M., Quintal, L., Ribeiro, Μ., Sifakis, N., Tournaki, S. and Tsoutsos, T, (2022), “Climate Change Mitigation Through Smart Environmental Monitoring of the Urban Ecosystem in Insular Touristic Cities: Experience from Rethymno and Madeira” in T. Tsoutsos (ed) Sustainable Mobility for Island Destinations, p. 129–147, Springer International Publishing.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations, (2018), ASEAN Smart Cities Nerwork-Smart City Action Plans, July, p. 1–60, viewed 25 May 2023, https://asean.org/storage/2019/02/ASCN-Consolidated-SCAPs.pdf.
Auer, M.E. and Kim, K.-S. (eds.) (2018), Engineering Education for a Smart Society, vol. 627, Springer International Publishing.
Axelsson, K. & Granath, M, (2018), “Stakeholders’ stake and relation to smartness in smart city development: Insights from a Swedish city planning project”, Government Information Quarterly, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 693–702.
Badan Pusat Statistik (2022), Kabupaten Penajam Paser Utara Dalam Angka, Badan Pusat Statistik.
Balaceanu, C., Apostol, D. and Zaharia, V. (2015), “The Concept of Entrepreneurship in the Smart Economy”, International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1.
Benevolo, C., Dameri, R.P. and D’Auria, B. (2016), “Smart Mobility in Smart City” Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organization, in T. Torre, A.M. Braccini and R. Spinelli (eds.), Empowering Organizations, 1st edition, p. 13-28, Springer.
Berawi, M.A. (2022), “City of Tomorrow: The New Capital City of Indonesia”, International Journal of Technology, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 690.
Binsar, (2020), Pesona Hutan Hujan Tropis di Bukit Bangkirai Kalimantan Timur, viewed 25 April 2023, https://inakoran.com/pesona-hutan-hujan-tropis-di-bukit-bangkirai-kalimantan-timur/p14278.
Cakti, A. and Ihsan, N, (2022), Multi-utility tunnel network to be developed in new capital Nusantara, viewed 2 May 2023, https://en.antaranews.com/news/251449/multi-utility-tunnel-network-to-be-developed-in-new-capital-nusantara.
Caljouw, M., Nas, P.J.M. and Pratiwo, M. (2009), “Flooding in Jakarta: Towards a blue city with improved water management”, Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, vol. 161, no. 4, p. 454–484.
Cepeliauskaite, G., Keppner, B., Simkute, Z., Stasiskiene, Z., Leuser, L., Kalnina, I., Kotovica, N., Andiņš, J. and Muiste, M. (2021), “Smart-Mobility Services for Climate Mitigation in Urban Areas: Case Studies of Baltic Countries and Germany”, Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 8, p. 4127.
Chen, D., Xiang, P., Jia, F. and Guo, J. (2022), “A systematic review of current status and trends of mega-infrastructure projects”, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 13, no. 6, p. 101773.
Clement, J., Manjon, M. and Crutzen, N. (2022), “Factors for collaboration amongst smart city stakeholders: A local government perspective”, Government Information Quarterly, vol. 39, no. 4, p. 101746.
Cohen, B. (2013), What exactly a smart city?, viewed 25 April 2023, http://www.boydcohen.com/smartcities.html.
Enwereji, P.C. and Uwizeyimana, D. (2022), “Smart City Readiness in South African Municipalities: A Qualitative Study”, HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 93–109.
Gerring, J. (2006), Case Study Research: Principles and Practices, 1st ed., Cambridge University Press.
Ghalib, H., El-Khorazaty, M.T. and Serag, Y. (2021), “New capital cities as tools of development and nation-building: Review of Astana and Egypt’s new administrative capital city”, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 3405–3409.
Ghalib, H., Elkhorazaty, M.T. and Serag, Y, (2020), “New Capital Cities: A Timeless Mega-project of Intercontinental Presence”, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 960, no. 2, p. 022017.
Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H. and Meijers, E, (2007), City-ranking of European medium-sized cities, Centre of Regional Science, Vienna UT.
Gonsalves, J., Khaing, O., Barbon, W.J.D. and Thant, P.S. (2022), “Exploring Pathways for Promoting and Scaling Up Climate-Smart Agriculture in Myanmar”, Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 25–42.
Gottmann, J. (1983), “Capital cities”, Ekistics, vol. 50, no. 299, p. 88–93.
Hamza, K. (2016), “Smart City Implementation Framework for Developing Countries: The Case of Egypt” in J.R. Gil-Garcia, T.A. Pardo and T. Nam (eds) Smarter as the New Urban Agenda: A Comprehensive View of the 21st Century City, p. 171–187, Springer International Publishing.
Hossain, S.R. and Fuller, S. (2021), “Understanding conflict in transport mega-projects: social impacts and power dynamics in the WestConnex project, Sydeny”, Australian Geographer, vol. 52, no. 3, p. 293–313.
Indraprahasta, G.S. and Derudder, B. (2019), “World City-ness in a historical perspective: Probing the long-term evolution of the Jakarta metropolitan area”, Habitat International, vol. 89, no. 102000.
Jucevičius, R., Patašienė, I. and Patašius, M. (2014), “Digital Dimension of Smart City: Critical Analysis”, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 156, p. 146–150.
Kabupaten Penajam Paser Utara, (2022), Buku 1 Analisis Strategis Masterplan Smart City Kabupaten Penajam Paser Utara, Kabupaten Penajam Paser Utara.
Kanti Podder, S., Thomas, B. and Samanta, D. (2022), “Impact of Innovative Technology on Quality Education: The Resourceful Intelligence for Smart Society Development” in V. Skala, T.P. Singh, T. Choudhury, R. Tomar and M. Abul Bashar (eds.), Machine Intelligence and Data Science Applications, p. 293–301, Springer Nature, Singapore.
Kapoor, A. and Singh, E, (2020), Empowering Smart Cities Though Community Participation a Literature Review, in S., Ahmed, S., Abbas and H. Zia (eds) Smart Cities—Opportunities and Challenges. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 58, p. 117-125, Springer, Singapore.
Kaye-Essien, C.W. and Bhuiyan, S. (2022), “Capital city boosterism as policy legitimation: A discursive perspective of Egypt’s New Administrative Capital”, City, Culture and Society, vol. 28, no. 100437.
Kemenkominfo Republik Indonesia, (2021), Buku Panduan Penyusunan Masterplan Smart City 2021 Gerakan Menuju Smart City, Kemenkominfo Republik Indonesia.
Kemenkominfo Republik Indonesia, (2022), Bahan Assessment Smart City 2021, Kemenkominfo Republik Indonesia.
Kemenkominfo Republik Indonesia & PT GMUM, (2021), Masterplan Smartcity Kawasan Ibukota Negara Baru Republik Indonesia Tahun 2021.
Kementerian PUPR Republik Indonesia, (2022), Konsep Kota Baru, http://sim.ciptakarya.pu.go.id/kotabaru/site/profilumum.
Khadzali, N.R. and Md Zan, Z, (2019), “Exploring E-Participation Policy and Initiatives in Malaysia”, International Journal of Law, Government and Communication, vol. 4, no. 16, p. 10–25.
Kusumastuti, R.D. and Rouli, J. (2021), “Smart City Implementation and Citizen Engagement in Indonesia”, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 940, no. 1, p 012076.
Lim, S.B., Malek, J.A. and Hashim, N. (2021), “Implementing the smart city concept in Malaysia: Contemporary challenges, strategies and opportunities in the COVID-19 era”, Malaysian Townplan Journal, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 43–56.
Lim, S.B. and Yigitcanlar, T. (2022), “Participatory Governance of Smart Cities: Insights from e-Participation of Putrajaya and Petaling Jaya, Malaysia”, Smart Cities, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 71–89.
Liu, Z., Wang, L., Sheng, Z. and Gao, X. (2018), “Social responsibility in infrastructure mega-projects: A case study of ecological compensation for Sousa chinensis during the construction of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge”, Frontiers of Engineering Management, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 98-108.
Maldonado Silveira Alonso Munhoz, P.A., da Costa Dias, F., Kowal Chinelli, C., Azevedo Guedes, A.L., Neves dos Santos, J.A., da Silveira e Silva, W. and Pereira Soares, C.A. (2020), “Smart Mobility: The Main Drivers for Increasing the Intelligence of Urban Mobility”, Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 24, p. 10675.
Mayangsari, L. and Novani, S. (2015), “Multi-stakeholder co-creation Analysis in Smart city Management: An Experience from Bandung, Indonesia”, Procedia Manufacturing, vol 4, p. 315–321.
Ménascé, D., Vincent, C.E. and Moreau, M.M. (2017), “Smart cities and new forms of employment”, Field Actions Science Report, no. 16, p. 16–21.
Mendybayev, B. (2022), “Imbalances in Kazakhstan’s Smart Cities Development”, Environment and Urbanization ASIA, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 144–152.
Miyahira, N., de Amorim, W. and Mantovani, D. (2020), “How does a smart city structure its labor market policy? A comparative study of global cities”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Management Advances in the 21st Century, p. 123–127.
Mohseni, H. (2021), “Public engagement and smart city definitions: a classifying model for the evaluation of citizen power in 2025 Tehran”, GeoJournal, vol. 86, no. 3, p. 1261–1274.
Monti, L., Rizzuti, G. and Pepe, E. (2015), “E-government and Open Data Boosting Economic Growth: A New Index”, Journal of Business and Economics, vol. 6, no. 12, p. 2080–2088.
Mottee, L.K. (2022), “Advancing beyond project-scale Social Impact Assessment of transport infrastructure: insights into contextual constraints on practice”, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, vol. 40, no. 1, p. 60–74.
Nam, T. and Pardo, T.A. (2011), “Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions”, Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times, p. 282–291.
Napitupulu, D. and Sensuse, D.I. (2014), “The Critical Success Factors Study for e-Government Implementation”, International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 89, no. 16, p. 23–32.
Naydenov, K. (2018, August 20), “Smart Cities – The Future of Urban Planning”, 5th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM 2018, vol. 18, no. 5.2.
Ng, M.K., Koksal, C., Wong, C. and Tang, Y. (2022), “Smart and Sustainable Development from a Spatial Planning Perspective: The Case of Shenzhen and Greater Manchester”, Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 6, p. 3509.
Okunev, I.Y. (2021), “Functions of the capital city in the political and territorial structure of the state”, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 740, no. 1, p. 012016.
Paquet, G. (1993), “Commentary: Capital Cities as Symbolic Resources” in J. Taylor, J.G. Lengellé and C. Andrew (eds.), Capital Cities/Les capitales: International Perspectives/Perspectives internationals, p. 271–286, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Park, J. and Yoo, S. (2023), “Evolution of the smart city: three extensions to governance, sustainability, and decent urbanisation from an ICT-based urban solution”, International Journal of Urban Sciences, vol. 27, no. sup1, p. 10–28.
Parkinson, J. (2009), “Symbolic Representation in Public Space: Capital Cities, Presence and Memory”, Representation, vol. 45, no. 1, p. 1–14.
Peraturan Presiden Nomor 63 Tahun 2022 tentang Perincian Rencana Induk Ibu Kota Nusantara, (2022).
Pravitasari, A.E., Rustiadi, E., Mulya, S.P., Widodo, C.E., Indraprahasta, G.S., Fuadina, L. N., Karyati, N.E. and Murtadho, A. (2020), “Measuring Urban and Regional Sustainability Performance in Java: A Comparison Study Between 6 Metropolitan Areas”, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 556, no. 1, p. 012004.
Pribyl, O., Svitek, M. and Rothkrantz, L. (2022), “Intelligent Mobility in Smart Cities”, Applied Sciences, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 3440.
Rachmawati, R., Haryono, E., Ghiffari, R.A., Reinhart, H., Permatasari, F.D. and Rohmah, A.A. (2021a), “Best Practices of Capital City Relocation in Various Countries: Literature Review”, E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 325, p. 07004.
Rachmawati, R., Haryono, E. and Rohmah, A.A. (2021b), “Developing Smart City in the New Capital of Indonesia”, 2021 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), p. 1–7.
Rachmawati, R., Haryono, E., Rohmah, A.A., Dewi Permatasari, F. and Fathurrahman, R. (2021c), “Smart Strategies of the Regional Preparation for the Plan of Moving the New Capital in the Regency of Kutai Kartanegara”, 2021 International Conference on ICT for Smart Society (ICISS), Bandung, Indonesia, p. 1-7.
Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah Kabupaten Penajam Paser Utara Tahun 2018-2023, (2019), https://penajamkab.go.id/?page_id=2054
Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional Tahun 2020-2024.
Ridwan Maksum, I., Yayuk Sri Rahayu, A. and Kusumawardhani, D. (2020), “A Social Enterprise Approach to Empowering Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia”, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, vol. 6, no. 3, p. 50.
Rusadi, E.Y., Nurhayati, P., Tallo, A.J. and Setiawan, B. (2016), “Smart Green Open Space Outlook: Pattern Identification (Case Study: Yogyakarta City and Batu City)”, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 227, p. 630–636.
Salya, S. (2022), “Moving the National Capital (IKN) from The Strategic Intelligence Approach”, Italienisch, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 151–159.
Schiavo, F.T. and de Magalhães, C.F. (2022), “Smart Sustainable Cities: The Essentials for Managers’ and Leaders’ Initiatives within the Complex Context of Differing Definitions and Assessments”, Smart Cities, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 994–1024.
Shin, S.-Y., Kim, D. and Chun, S.A. (2021), “Digital Divide in Advanced Smart City Innovations”, Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 7, p. 4076.
Simonofski, A., Asensio, E.S. and Wautelet, Y. (2019), “Citizen participation in the design of smart cities”, Smart Cities: Issues and Challenges. Mapping Political, Social and Economic Risks and Threats, p. 47–62.
Stephenne, N., Beaumont, B., Hallot, E., Wolff, E., Poelmans, L. and Baltus, C. (2016), “Sustainable and Smart City Planning Using Spatial Data in Wallonia, ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry”, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. IV-4, no. W1, p. 3–10.
Sunindyo, W.D. and Amrita, I.D.P.D.K, (2019), “The Development of Data Publishing Tool for Indonesian Open Government Data”, 2019 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI), Bandung, Indonesia, p. 30–34.
Suprayitna, F.R., Munawaroh, L.A., Azmi, M.A., Besari, A.I. and Rachmawati, R. (2021), “Challenges in Developing and Implementing Smart City in Palangka Raya”, in L.T.T. Huong and G.M. Pomeroy (eds), Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, Springer, Singapore.
Supriyanto, E., Saputra, J., Rachmawati, M. and Nugroho, F, (2022), “Community Participation-Based Smart City Development”, Proceedings of the First Multidiscipline International Conference, MIC 2021, October 30 2021, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Temdee, P., Kamyod, C., Hamed, Y., Jha, U.S. and Okada, M. (2020), “Special Issue on: Towards a “Smart Society” Through Digital and Wireless Communication Technology”, Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 115, no. 4, p. 2667–2669.
Teo, H.C., Lechner, A.M., Sagala, S. and Campos-Arceiz, A. (2020), “Environmental Impacts of Planned Capitals and Lessons for Indonesia’s New Capital”, Land, vol. 9, no. 11, p. 438.
Thounaojam, N. and Laishram, B. (2022), “Issues in promoting sustainability in mega infrastructure projects: a systematic review”, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, vol. 65, no. 8, p. 1349–1372.
Tsymbaliuk, I., Voichuk, M., Kolomechiuk, V. and Uniga, O. (2018), “Labor Market Development as A Prerequisite for Smart City Formation”, International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 111–112.
Tyas, W.P., Nugroho, P., Sariffuddin, S., Purba, N.G., Riswandha, Y. and Sitorus, G.H.I. (2019), “Applying Smart Economy of Smart Cities in Developing World: Learnt from Indonesia’s Home-Based Enterprises”, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 248, p. 012078.
Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2022 tentang Ibu Kota Negara, (2022).
van der Wusten, H. (2012), “Symbols in political centres, Where they are and what they mean”, Belgeo, vol. 1–2.
Varela-Guzmán, E., Mora, H. and Visvizi, A. (2021), “Exploring the Differentiating Characteristics Between the Smart City and the Smart Society Models” in A. Visvizi, O. Troisi and K. Saeedi (eds.) Research and Innovation Forum 2021, Springer Proceedings in Complexity, Springer, Cham.
Wismadi, A., Soemardjito, J. and Sutomo, H. (2013), “Transport Situation in Jakarta” in I. Kutani (ed.) Study on Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Transport Sector through Transport Improvement and Smart Community Development in the Urban Area, ERIA Research Project Report 2012-29, p. 29–58.
Xiaolong, T., Gull, N., Iqbal, S., Asghar, M., Nawaz, A., Albasher, G., Hameed, J. and Maqsoom, A. (2021), “Exploring and Validating the Effects of Mega Projects on Infrastructure Development Influencing Sustainable Environment and Project Management”, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 12.
Yao, T., Huang, Z. and Zhao, W. (2020), “Are smart cities more ecologically efficient? Evidence from China”, Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 60, no. 102008.
Yin, R.K. (2009), Case study research: design and methods (4th ed.), SAGE Publications.
Yudhistira, M.H., Koesrindartono, D.P., Harmadi, S.H.B. and Pratama, A.P. (2017), “How Congested Jakarta is? Perception of Jakarta’s Citizen on Traffic Congestion”, Economics and Finance in Indonesia, vol. 62, no. 3, p. 141.
Zain, A.F.M., Pribadi, D.O. and Indraprahasta, G.S. (2022), “Revisiting the Green City Concept in the Tropical and Global South Cities Context: The Case of Indonesia”, Frontiers in Environmental Science, vol. 10.
Zamojska, A. and Próchniak, J. (2017), “Measuring the Social Impact of Infrastructure Projects: The Case of Gdańsk International Fair Co”, Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, vol. 13, p. 25–42.