Rural areas are more resilient than urban areas to the COVID-19 pandemic. Is it true? (Lessons from Indonesia)

Author: , , and
Key words: , , ,
Issue: Volume 17, Issue 2, 2023

Abstract


The COVID-19 pandemic affected the world’s life systems and food security. To deal with the food crisis, the Indonesian government has provided directives to maintain the availability of food supply chains in areas that are regional and national food sources. Restrictions on activities not directly related to the food chain indirectly affect the region’s food security sustainability. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of the level of regional food security on the conditions of the COVID-19 incident in Bogor Regency. The methodology used was quantitative at the level of food security figures and cases at the village level using Geographically Weighted Regression spatial analysis. The data used are food security indicators and the incidence of COVID-19 at the village level. The research findings show that urban areas with high food security tend to increase cases of COVID-19, but rural areas with high food security tend to be able to reduce them.

Full text


Permalink (doi)



Authors Affiliations


Eka Purna Yudha*1, Nur Syamsiyah1, Pandi Pardian1, Resa Ana Dina2

(1) Department of Social Economics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
(2) Department of Community Nutrition, IPB University, Indonesia

* Corresponding author
Email: eka.purna.yudha@unpad.ac.id

References


Adhikari, J., Timsina, J., Khadka, S.R., Ghale, Y., and Ojha, H, (2021), “COVID-19 impacts on agriculture and food systems in Nepal: Implications for SDGs”, Agricultural Systems, vol. 186, no. 102990, p. 1–7.
Altieri, M.A. and Nicholls, C.I. (2020), “Agroecology and the emergence of a post COVID 19 agriculture”, Agriculture and Human Values, vol. 37, p. 527–526.
Amirzadeh, M., Sobhaninia, S., Buckman, S.T. and Sharifi, A. (2023), “Towards building resilient cities to pandemics: A review of COVID-19 literature”, Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 89, 104326, ISSN 2210-6707.
Barichello, R. (2020), “The COVID-19 pandemic: Anticipating its effects on Canada’s agricultural trade”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 219–224.
Bartik, A.W., Bertrand, M., Cullen, Z., Glaeser, E.L., Luca, M. and Stanton, C. (2020), “The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America”, National Academy of Sciences, vol. 117, no. 30, p. 17656–17666.
Blay Palmer, A., Carey, R., Valette, E. and Sanderson, M.R. (2020), “Post COVID 19 and food pathways to sustainable transformation”, Agriculture and Human Values, vol. 37, p. 517-519.
Boughton, D., Goeb, J., Lambrecht, I., Headey, D., Takeshima, H., Mahrt, K., Masias, I., Goudet, S., Ragasa, C., Maredia, M.K., Minten, B. and Diao, X. (2021), “Impacts of COVID-19 on agricultural production and food systems in late transforming Southeast Asia: The case of Myanmar”, Agricultural Systems, vol. 188, p. 103026.
Brancati, E., Minoletti, P. and Riambau, G. (2020), Coping with COVID-19: Protecting lives, employment, and incomes in Myanmar, London.
Brewin, D.G. (2020), “The impact of COVID-19 on the grains and oilseeds sector”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 185–188.
Burgui, D. (2020), Coronavirus: How Action Against Hunger is Responding to the Pandemic | Action Against Hunger, Action Against Hunger, Philippines, viewed 29 January 2021, https://www.actionagainsthunger.org/story/coronavirus-how-action-against-hunger-responding-pandemic.
Clapp, J. (2017), “Food self-sufficiency: Making sense of it, and when it makes sense”, Food Policy, vol. 66, p. 88–96.
Clapp, J. and Isakson, S.R. (2018), “Risky Returns: The Implications of Financialization in the Food System”, Development and Change, vol. 49, no. 2, p. 437–460.
Clapp, J. and Moseley, W.G. (2020), “This food crisis is different: COVID-19 and the fragility of the neoliberal food security order”, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 47(7), pp. 1393–1417.
Coveri, A., Cozza, C., Nascia, L. and Zanfei, A. (2020), “Supply chain contagion and the role of industrial policy”, Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, vol. 47, no 3, p. 467–482.
Cranfield, J.A.L. (2020), “Framing consumer food demand responses in a viral pandemic”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 151–156.
Deaton, B.J. and Deaton, B.J. (2020), “Food security and Canada’s agricultural system challenged by COVID-19”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 143–149.
Economist Intelligence Unit [EIU] (2015), The Global Food Security Index 2015: an annual measure of the state of global food security, London.
Economist Intelligence Unit [EIU] (2014), The Global Food Security Index 2015: an annual measure of the state of global food security, London.
Economist Intelligence Unit [EIU] (2016), An annual Measure of The State of Global Food Security. New York, USA: A Report From The Economist Intelligence Unit, London.
Economist Intelligence Unit [EIU] (2017), Measuring Food Security and the Impact of Resource Risk. New York, USA: A Report From The Economist Intelligence Unit, London.
Fernandes, N. (2020), “Economic Effects of Coronavirus Outbreak (COVID-19) on the World Economy”, IESE Business School Working Paper No. WP-1240-E.
Fisher, M. and Getis, A. (1997), Spatial analysis–spatial statistics, behavioural modelling and neurocomputing, Springer, Berlin.
Freudenberg, M. (2003), Composite Indicators of Country Performance: A Critical Assessment. Paris.
Glaeser, E.L. (2022), “Urban resilience”, Urban Studies, vol. 59, no. 1, p. 3-35.
Goddard, E. (2020), “The impact of COVID-19 on food retail and food service in Canada: Preliminary assessment”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 157–161.
de Haen, H., Klasen, S. and Qaim, M. (2011), “What do we really know? Metrics for food insecurity and undernutrition”, Food Policy, vol. 36, no. 6, p. 760–769.
Hailu, G. (2020), “Economic thoughts on COVID-19 for Canadian food processors”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 163–169.
Hobbs, J.E. (2020), “Food supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 171–176.
Ishiwatari, M., Koike, T., Hiroki, K., Toda, T., and Katsube, T. (2020), “Managing disasters amid COVID-19 pandemic: Approaches of response to flood disasters”, Progress in Disaster Science, vol. 6, p. 100096.
Janssens, W., Pradhan, M., de Groot, R., Sidze, E., Donfouet, H.P.P. and Abajobir, A. (2021), “The short-term economic effects of COVID-19 on low-income households in rural Kenya: An analysis using weekly financial household data”, World Development, vol. 138, no. 105280, p. 1–8.
Ker, A.P. and Cardwell, R. (2020), “Introduction to the special issue on COVID-19 and the Canadian agriculture and food sectors: Thoughts from the pandemic onset”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 139–142.
Kerr, W. A. (2020), “The COVID-19 pandemic and agriculture: Short- and long-run implications for international trade relations”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 225–229.
Larue, B. (2020), “Labor issues and COVID-19”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 231–237.
Lawley, C. (2020), “Potential impacts of COVID-19 on Canadian farmland markets”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 245–250.
Lu, B., Charlton, M., Harris, P. and Fotheringham, A.S. (2014), “Geographically weighted regression with a non-Euclidean distance metric: A case study using hedonic house price data”, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, vol. 28, no. 4, p. 660–681.
Ma, N.L., Peng, W., Soon, C.F., Hassim, M.F.N., Misbah, S., Rahmat, Z., Yong, W.T.L. and Sonne, C. (2020), “Covid-19 pandemic in the lens of food safety and security”, Environmental Research, vol. 193, p. 1–9.
Mardones, F.O., Rich, K.M., Boden, L.A., Moreno-Switt, A.I., Caipo, M.L., Zimin-Veselkoff, N., Alateeqi, A.M., Baltenweck, I. (2020), “The COVID-19 Pandemic and Global Food Security”, Frontiers in Veterinary Science, vol. 7, p. 578508.
Marston, H.R., Ivan, L., Fernández-Ardèvol, M., Climent, A.R., Gómez-Leon, M., Blanche-T, D., Earle, S., Ko, P.-C., Colas, S., Bilir, B., Çalikoglu, H.Ö., Arslan, H., Kanozia, R., Kriebernegg, U., Großschädl, F., Reer, F., Quandt, T., Buttigieg, S.C., Silva, P.A., Gallistl, V. and Rohner, R. (2020), “COVID-19: Technology, Social Connections, Loneliness, and Leisure Activities: An International Study Protocol”, Frontiers in Sociology, vol. 5.
McKibbin, W. and Fernando, R. (2020), The Global Macroeconomic Impacts of COVID-19: Seven Scenarios. London.
McMillan, J. (2020), “COVID-19 and justice”, Journal of Medical Ethics, vol. 46, no. 10, p. 639–640.
Mendola, D. and Volo, S. (2017), “Building composite Indicators in Tourism Studies: Measurements and Applications in Tourism Destination Competitivenes”, Tourism Management, vol. 59, no . C, p. 541–553.
Azra, M.N., Noor, M.I.M., Ikhwanuddin, M. and Ahmed, N. (2021), “Global trends on Covid-19 and food security research: A scientometric study”, Advances in Food Security and Sustainability, vol. 6, p. 1-33.
Ministry of Agriculture (2015), Food Security and Vulnerability Map, Food Security Council, Ministry of Agriculture and World Food Programme, Jakarta.
Moseley, W.G. and Battersby, J. (2020), “The Vulnerability and Resilience of African Food Systems, Food Security, and Nutrition in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic”, African Studies Review, vol. 63, no. 3, p. 1–13.
Mottaleb, K.A., Mainuddin, M. and Sonobe, T. (2020), “COVID-19 induced economic loss and ensuring food security for vulnerable groups: Policy implications from Bangladesh”, PLOS ONE, vol. 15, no. 10, p. e0240709.
Nardo, M., Saisana, M., Saltelli, A. and Tarantola, S. (2005), Tools for Composite Indicators Building, Ispra-Italy.
Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabit, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M and Agha, R. (2020), “The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review”, International Journal of Surgery, vol. 78, p. 185–193.
Omer, S.A. and Hassen, N.A. (2020), “Impacts COVID-19 pandemic Diseases on Ethiopian Agriculture, Food Systems, Industries, and Mitigation and Adaptation Strategy, Electronic Journal of Education, Social Economics and Technology, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 18–33.
Orden, D. (2020), “Resilience test of the North American food system”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 215–217.
van der Ploeg, J.D. (2020), “Farmers’ upheaval, climate crisis and populism”, The Journal of Peasant Studies, vol. 47, no. 3, p. 589–605.
Power, M., Doherty, B., Pybus, K.J. and Pickett, K.E. (2020), “How COVID-19 has exposed inequalities in the U.K. food system: The case of U.K. food and poverty”, Emerald Open Reseacrh, vol., no. 11, p. 1–28.
Richards, T.J. and Rickard, B. (2020), “COVID-19 impact on fruit and vegetable markets”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 189–194.
Rude, J. (2020), “COVID-19 and the Canadian cattle/beef sector: Some preliminary analysis”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 207–213.
Saisana, M. and Tarantola, S. (2002), State-of-the-art report on current methodologies and practices for composite indicator development, Italy.
Saisana, M., Tarantola, S. and Saltelli, A. (2015), “Uncertainty and sensitivity techniques as tools for the analysis and validation of composite indicators”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A, vol. 168, no. 2, p. 1–17.
Smith, M.D. and Wesselbaum, D. (2020), “COVID-19, Food insecurity, and migration”, Journal of Nutrition, vol. 150, no. 11, p. 2855–2858.
Sukandar, D. (2017), Pengukuran Ketahanan Pangan. 1st ed., Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB Press, Bogor.
Sumaryanto, S., Susilowati, S.H., Saptana, S., Sayaka, B., Suryani, E., Adang, A., Ashari, A., Purba, H.J. Sumedi, S., Dermoredjo, S.K., Purwantini, T.B., Yofa, R.D. and Pasaribu, S.M. (2023), “Technical efficiency changes of rice farming in the favorable irrigated areas of Indonesia” Open Agriculture, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 20220207.
Vercammen, J. (2020), “Information-rich wheat markets in the early days of COVID-19”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 177–184.
Weersink, A., von Massow, M. and McDougall, B. (2020), “Economic thoughts on the potential implications of COVID-19 on the Canadian dairy and poultry sectors”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 195–200.
Worstell, J. (2020), “Ecological Resilience of Food Systems in Response to the COVID-19 Crisis”, Journal of Agriculture Food Systems and Community Development, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 1–8.
Wu, J.T., Leung, K. and Leung, G.M. (2020), “Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study”, The Lancet, vol. 395, p. 689–697.
Yudha, E. et al. (2018) ‘Measuring the effect of village expenditure on performance. Rural areas are more resilient than urban areas to the COVID-19 Pandemic 23 development using geographically weighted regression’, TATALOKA, 20(1), pp. 23–34.
Yudha, E.P., Juanda, B., Kolopaking, L.M. and Kinseng, R.A. (2020), “Rural development policy and strategy in the rural autonomy era. Case study of Pandeglang Regency-Indonesia”, Human Geographies – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 125 – 147.
Zhang, J. and Wang, T. (2023), “Urban resilience under the COVID-19 pandemic: A quantitative assessment framework based on system dynamics”, Cities, vol. 136, no. 104265.

This post has already been read 2752 times!

About journal

Title: Human Geographies - Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography
ISSN online: 2067-2284
ISSN print: 1843-6587
Imprint: University of Bucharest
Frequency: Biannual (May&November)
First volume: 1/2007
Current volume: 17/2023
Language: English
Indexed in: SCOPUS, ERIH PLUS, EBSCO (SocINDEX), ProQuest (Social Science Journals, SciTech Journals, Natural Science Journals), Index Copernicus, National Technical Information Service (NTiS), Bodleian Libraries, ExLibris SFX, DOAJ, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Library, Google Scholar, Ulrich
Creative Commons License


EDITORS


Prof. dr. Liliana Dumitrache
University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography- Human and Economic Geography Department, 1 Nicolae Balcescu Av., 010041, Bucharest, Romania

Dr. Daniela Dumbrăveanu
University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography- Human and Economic Geography Department, 1 Nicolae Balcescu Av., 010041, Bucharest, Romania

Dr. Mariana Nae
University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography- Human and Economic Geography Department, 1 Nicolae Balcescu Av., 010041, Bucharest, Romania

Dr. Gabriel Simion
University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography- Human and Economic Geography Department, 1 Nicolae Balcescu Av., 010041, Bucharest, Romania

SCImago Journal & Country Rank